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I include entries for various telephone discussions I had with people in the case, and meetings with additional personnel. I make explicit reference to every document I read, every folder of data I received, and every CD or DVD or other electronic material I received.
Further, I list every legal document provided to me as reference material for the case. Every report written by other professionals or related parties in the matter is also listed, as are any deposition transcripts provided to me. You should list the names of on point people you met, things you discussed, actions you took, and materials you reviewed. Your report can also contain any equipment you used, tests you ran, and reconstructions you made. You can explain in detail any analyses or assumptions you made, and any assignments that your attorney may have expressly given to you.
You should make clear that you considered the relevant facts you discovered in the above materials and that you then applied suitable procedures and methodologies to those facts. Altogether, this demonstrates that you understood the issues, the events, and the systems involved, and that the facts and methodologies together contribute to the reliability of the opinions you drew. If you made use of other exhibits or evidence that you wish to use in subsequent trial testimony, refer to them here. If you have created or intend to create any demonstrative exhibits, make reference to them here as well. This might include graphs, mockups, or any other visual materials that you believe will help you better explain your opinions. You can include demonstrative evidence like this for your eventual testimony as one way to keep the jury’s attention and to further Enhance your credibility.
Not only can the means justify the end, but they must. In my expert reports, I always include a final section that summarizes in boldface each opinion I’ve reached and every opinion I will express if the matter comes to trial. To support each opinion, you can refer back to earlier portions of your report, and you can include extra text that further explains the basis for each opinion.
If you have had the opportunity to review the opposing expert’s report, simply include an entire analysis of the report. Avoid commenting on the validity of any of the expert’s opinions, simply look at the work, comment on any errors you find in it, and note any invalid assumptions made that may undermine the validity of a conclusion drawn or opinion expressed by the other expert.
When you are selected for the defendant’s side, the plaintiff’s expert’s report will appear first, and you will read that expert’s opinions. While you may not have initially considered some of the opinions expressed, look at each one to determine if it is accurate and assess whether the opinion (accurate or not) has been fully supported by the facts, procedures, and methodologies followed by that expert. Pay particular attention to whether the expert has overstated the evidence, not just where he might have stated erroneous opinions.
Just remember that you are not a lawyer. Never express legal opinions, either in writing or in testimony. However, understanding the legal elements of your case can often enable you to suggest industry experience that will support your attorney’s efforts. Ask your attorney early on about the legal issues involved in the case. What can he or she tell you about how your findings relate to those legal issues? Don’t just stop there. Conduct your own research on the Internet about the legal issues so that you understand any ramifications facing the Lawyers. In this way, you can focus your efforts more intelligently.
Judd Robbins has been an internationally recognized expert witness since 1986 in the US and in the UK. In 2010, his book “Expert Witness Training” was published by Presentation Dynamics. Robbins has advanced degrees from UC Berkeley and the University of Michigan, has been an Information Systems manager and an Education Systems manager, and consults in both computer and legal issues. Learn more about Mr. Robbins and his Expert Witness Training materials at www.juddrobbins.com
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In the 1993 Supreme Court case “Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals,” Justice Blackmun said for the unanimous court that an expert’s testimony has to rest on a reliable foundation and has to be relevant to the task at hand. He brought up the key consideration about whether the theory or technique used can be or has been tested and subjected to ‘peer review’ and publication.
Expert witnesses have seen their work rejected and their testimony excluded when they haven’t attended to Daubert standards of peer review.
Identify another specialist in your field that the court can treat as a peer. So if you are a biomedical engineer, another biomedical engineer would be a peer, and so on. Your attorney can retain this person to review your work, specifically your expert report. A peer reviewer would provide his own report of findings regarding the subject matter of your expert report. Yes, this may sound like double work, but an increasingly appropriate and valuable extra step. If another expert independently verifies the validity of your work, it will help to ensure the legal admissibility of that work. In addition, this extra step can bring extra credibility to your work. This will further support the relevancy and reliability of your work, opinion, and testimony.
The peer reviewer should submit his report directly to the law firm that engaged both of you. By and large, your attorney will submit your expert report, along with the peer reviewer’s report and a CV describing the peer reviewer’s background, training, and skills. You should not have any contact with the peer reviewer after the law firm retains him and before he submits his report back to them. Keep the points of this paragraph in mind because, from time to time, you may be hired in a case as a peer reviewer rather than as an expert witness.
Sometimes a peer review is called a third-party review, because the other party may not be a precise peer, but may still be a specialist in a related field of expertise. You should use such a third-party reviewer if part of your testimony includes information that is close to, but not specifically part of, your primary experience.
Judd Robbins has been an internationally recognized expert witness since 1986 in the US and in the UK. In 2010, his book “Expert Witness Training” was published by Presentation Dynamics. Robbins has advanced degrees from UC Berkeley and the University of Michigan, has been an Information Systems manager and an Education Systems manager, and consults in both computer and legal issues. Learn more about Mr. Robbins and his Expert Witness Training materials at www.juddrobbins.com
The expert report is a cornerstone of your contribution to the case. It is the primary written piece of work, just as your testimony in deposition or court is the primary verbal piece of work. Before writing your expert report, you will spend time researching, explaining, listening, and meeting. Everything you write down will become the subject of interrogation or discussion.
Realize that some attorneys may use your writings long after a case ends. Bright attorneys will frequently look to the records of your previous cases to see what you have said, how you have said it, and what mistakes you may have made. These writings will guide them to whether you may be an suitable witness for them to engage. Then again, they can research your previous statements to use against you. They may look at the way you wrote something, or if what you wrote previously relates to a current opinion that you’re expressing in a new case. Be alert to whether a new case you’ve accepted leads to an opinion that differs from one you may have expressed in a previous case. An industrious attorney will probably find out any differences and call you on them.
Your expert report will need to meet legal standards. It should be organized, easy to read, professional, and effective. Depending on the complexity of the case, you will have one or more opinions about the subject of the case. You should precede your opinions with your background and accomplishments to describe who you are and why you are qualified to present those opinions.
Precisely express your opinions. Explicitly list the information you considered while coming to your opinions, and show which pieces of facts directly support those opinions. describe exactly what steps you followed and/or what technical methodologies you used as the basis for the conclusions you reached. include required extra facts, such as your contact data and your fee schedule.
Judd Robbins has been an internationally recognized expert witness since 1986 in the US and in the UK. In 2010, his book “Expert Witness Training” was published by Presentation Dynamics. Robbins has advanced degrees from UC Berkeley and the University of Michigan, has been an Information Systems manager and an Education Systems manager, and consults in both computer and legal issues. Learn more about Mr. Robbins and his Expert Witness Training materials at www.juddrobbins.com
For more information: http://www.icc-cpi.int Situation: The Republic of Kenya Case: The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto and Joshua Arap Sang This issue of …
Understanding the concept of a chain of custody is always critical to the use of evidence in a legal proceeding. As an expert witness, you do not always form a part of the legal ‘chain’. sometimes, you are given access to evidence in a secure facility and some one else is responsible for having obtained it and signed for the responsibility of the evidence. Depending on your particular discipline, you may in fact be given the original evidence itself. You must know how to properly handle it!
sometimes, your inspections of equipment, devices, or machinery will lead you to evidence that the police have seized as part of their investigation. They may require that you run your tests or make your observations in the police lockup, which is a location for holding evidence to be used in a criminal proceeding. You may occasionally be given temporary custody of evidence from the opposing side. When you receive admitted evidence, which has been given exhibit numbers by the authorities, you must maintain what is called a chain of custody.
Treat a chain of custody as a paper trail for the location of any piece of evidence in a legal matter. The paper trail shows where the evidence was and is, moment by moment, and assures everyone that it is the same evidence that was originally seized.
The chain of custody must be maintained from the moment the authorities first seize the evidence, until the final moment when it may be shown and referred to in a trial. Paper records must document changes in the custodianship of evidence: who transferred possession of the item, who accepted possession, the date of the transfer, the method of transfer, and additional data to identify the evidence precisely. sometimes, witness signatures are also required.
If the evidence is lost or destroyed while in your possession, you could be held legally and financially accountable. Be careful.
Judd Robbins has been an internationally recognized expert witness since 1986 in the US and in the UK. In 2010, his book “Expert Witness Training” was published by Presentation Dynamics. Robbins has advanced degrees from UC Berkeley and the University of Michigan, has been an Information Systems manager and an Education Systems manager, and consults in both computer and legal issues. Learn more about Mr. Robbins and his Expert Witness Training materials at www.juddrobbins.com
Playing by the regulations of this legal game will help ensure the admissibility of your work. The goal is to convince people that your opinions are sound. Your investigations and overall work will help you to do just that. After you collect, review and study all the data about the technical elements of a case, perform the required tests, and follow necessary methodologies, you can form opinions that you can express in an expert report or in testimony.
What you do will help you technically and professionally come to the best opinions. How you do it will help ensure that your opinions are seen as ‘admissible’ and that they will be allowed to be heard in court.
Remember, you are on a playing field called ‘the law.’ You have to play by the rules in this game:
1. You must be familiar with the facts in the case and the sequence of any events that happened.
2. You must carefully document tests run, observations made, and measurements taken. contain all results, whether positive or negative.
3. Any demonstrations you plan to use during testimony have to be substantially the same as the events in the case.
4. Any materials you use in tests must be the same as were involved in the case.
5. You must document all steps followed and methods used. Use industry literature and publications to show that the chosen tests or methods are recognized as authoritative in your field.
6. Think About with your attorney whether to use and pay for an independent peer review of your analyses and work.
You very well might do strong investigative and preparatory work, but you are not an attorney so you will not know about all the legal elements of the lawyer’s case. occasionally you have to meet legal standards that vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction; explicitly ask your attorney about the standards for your particular jurisdiction so you can choose the tests you run. For example, Maryland, Rhode Island, or California may use different legal tests for insanity. As a psychologist, perhaps, you need that data so you can pose the right questions.
attorneys will use numerous tactics to raise objections about the validity and admissibility of you, your evidence, and your opinions. Anticipate the following possibilities:
* You are not qualified by knowledge, skill, qualifications, training, or education in the scientific field needed for this case. In advance, prepare your explanation of why your background does indeed qualify you to offer opinions about the facts in this matter.
* Your opinions did not flow from reliable facts or data. Again, be ready to show that the facts were reliable and that your opinions did reasonably flow from them.
* You did not use reliable methods in your work. Prepare to cite examples from your field and its literature that show that you did.
* You did not run enough tests or collect enough data to justify your conclusions quantitatively. Keep accurate notes and be prepared to show that you ran the tests and collected the data needed.
* You haven’t used qualitatively relevant conclusions. Make sure the facts you rely on, and the opinions you suggest, are directly on point to the case.
* You relied on hearsay to form your opinions. Ensure that any facts you use, whatever the source, is routinely relied on by experts in your field.
Judd Robbins has been an internationally recognized expert witness since 1986 in the US and in the UK. In 2010, his book “Expert Witness Training” was published by Presentation Dynamics. Robbins has advanced degrees from UC Berkeley and the University of Michigan, has been an Information Systems manager and an Education Systems manager, and consults in both computer and legal issues. Learn more about Mr. Robbins and his Expert Witness Training materials at www.juddrobbins.com
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The principal aim of this book is to provide guidance and encouragement for the expert who is a newcomer to personal participation in legal proceedings in his or her professional role. “book is intended to fulfil: not to furnish grist for the intense analysis of recondite issues, but to give professionals without extensive experience of the adversarial way of resolving disputes a practical introduction to the problems which they are likely to face, and to the ways in which they should prepare f
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Conducting an investigation into the aspects of the case demands attention to detail, planning, and care in the steps you take. As the expert in your field, determine what you need to have and what you need to do before you can draw any opinions. You have to identify the facts you need to know before forming any opinion in the case. For instance, you must assess:
* what you need to find out
* what you need to test
* what you need to reconstruct
* what mathematical equations you need to formulate
* who you need to interview
* what documents you need to read
* what software you need to use
* what information you need to compare
Words like ‘painstaking,’ ‘methodical,’ ‘meticulous,’ ‘step-by-step,’ and ‘careful’ should describe your approach. By and large, begin with having simple, factual discussions with your attorney, and subsequently, your attorney’s client. These discussions may lead to documents either now filed or already collected by the attorney.
Your discussions with the attorney’s client may lead to finding or receiving additional documents to read, or to additional persons with whom to speak. As you know details of the case, you will collect additional facts. Some of it may have now been filed as part of the case, and some of it may be accessible to the persons with whom you meet and speak. At times, you will visit the site involved or make observations of equivalent machinery or systems at another site.
You must decide what facts to Consider and what facts to ignore. Federal Rule of Evidence 703 demands that the basis for expert testimony must be facts that is “reasonably relied on by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences.” The attorneys in your case are not experts in your field so, by definition, they are not competent to expertly evaluate the evidence to decide what parts of it may or may not be relevant to your opinions. Attorneys will sometimes show you only a subset of the technical facts in a case. When they do that, they undermine their own case and they undercut your likelihood of accomplishment during testimony.
Make sure to ask for all on point information, regardless of whether others might call your request irrelevant. Obvious technical information that bears on the case is relevant. So are any documents that discuss technical data, regardless of who wrote the documents. As your understanding of the case progresses, you may expand the scope of your data requests. This may come about as you learn more about various events and participants, or it may come about after reviewing other discovery materials.
In a complicated case, many boxes of evidence may exist for review, frequently stored at the attorney’s office. occasionally the boxes are labeled, and occasionally an index exists that clarifies what documents and materials are available. You should always look through the index or the boxes to decide what material to review in detail and what to reject before proceeding with opinion formulation. The room where the attorneys store these boxes of evidence is colloquially referred to as the war room.
Asking your attorney and client for additional details and data can save you the time or cost of finding it. If you cannot secure what you need directly from your client or attorney, you should look further and continue your research and investigation with other sources.
Your testimony is stronger if you can honestly say that you personally assessed the total available facts and determined what was relevant and what was irrelevant.
Judd Robbins has been an internationally recognized expert witness since 1986 in the US and in the UK. In 2010, his book “Expert Witness Training” was published by Presentation Dynamics. Robbins has advanced degrees from UC Berkeley and the University of Michigan, has been an Information Systems manager and an Education Systems manager, and consults in both computer and legal issues. Learn more about Mr. Robbins and his Expert Witness Training materials at www.juddrobbins.com
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